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Hway Adv 5th ed SB62 - talking about hypothetical situations suing the past tense
- Conditionals, including mixed conditionals
- It's time the government did something aboiut unemployment
- as if he were the most intelligent person on the planet
- I wish / If only you didn't have to leave
- I'd rather you didn't do that, if you don't mind
- Suppose he resigned....what would they do without him?!
- For more emphasis, you can invert "if he had ..." to "had he...."
- Had he said the truth at the beginning, we wouldn't be in this mess now!"
Some useful language:
Be careful!:
- at last vs at least
- modal vs non-modal
- non-modal structures describe an action, situation or fact
- my wife doesn't help me in the house (this is the situation - maybe I am ok with this)
- modal structures describe evaluations of or attitudes linked to actions, situation or facts
- my wife won't help me in the house (shifts the focus to her refusal to collaborate, and thus seems to express frustration or annoyance with my wife)
- therefore, would (as the past of will) can focus on a decision or willingness to do a past action, rather than on the action itself.
- At weekends I used to go fishing with my grandfather (describes the situation)
- At weekends I would go fishing with my grandfather (using 'would' expresses my decision or willingness to do it, thus implying it was something I liked and adding nostalgia.
How does writing improve speaking?
I have a attached a couple of academic articles. Below are the main points:
- integrating writing into language practice can significantly enhance oral fluency and communicative competence
- by writing regularly, learners become more comfortable with language construction, leading to more coherent and confident speech
Writing
- is a foundation for
- clarity of expression
- grammatical accuracy
- vocabulary development
- contributes to
- cognitive language processing
- pronunciation planning
- discourse structuring
- offers the chance for key processes in developing fluency and accuracy
- cognitive rehearsal
- controlled practice
- reflection
- allows learners to
- slow down thinking
- plan carefully
- experiment with more complex language
- enhances, via repeated exposure and practice,
- internalization of language items
- accessibility of language items during speech
- strengthens the syntax-phonological connection
- thus improves pronunciation, in particular stress and logical pauses
- can reduce speaking anxiety
- allows learners to rehearse and prepare for speaking
- improves learners' abilities to learn fixed expressions, and recall and use them while speaking
- "on the one hand....on the other hand", " I'd just like to say...", "having said that..."
In conclusion, writing is a powerful tool for developing fluent and confident speaking, and can be an important strategic support for speaking development.
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